基督教新教传教士与近代山东西医科学（1860-1937）

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论文标题:基督教新教传教士与近代山东西医科学（1860-1937）
The Protestant Missionary and the Science of Western Medicine in Modern Shandong (1860-1937)
论文作者 刘春华
论文导师 郭大松,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 山东师范大学,点击次数 36,论文页数 51页File Size2175k
2004-10-20论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_853547862/ 基督教;新教传教士;近代山东;西医科学
Christianity; the Protestant Missionary; modern Shandong; the science of Western medicine
第二次鸦片战争后，依据不平等条约，西方基督教教会纷纷涌入山东。新教传教士们在山东建教堂、发展教徒，并从事“慈善”活动，其中“医药卫生事业”是传教士们活动的重点，在传教过程中他们把西洋医学传入山东，在山东的土地上建诊所、医院，开展西方医学教育。截至1937年，新教传教士在山东共建了20多所医院，创建了山东正规的医学教育院校。在收集大量中英文资料的基础上，本文对新教传教士在近代山东的医药活动作了一次较为全面的论述和分析，试图从整体上做出较为客观的评价，总结在特定政治、经济历史背景下，特定地区的医药卫生发展特点，阐述中西医药交流对近代山东所产生的积极影响和对发展山东医药卫生事业的现实借鉴作用。文章共分六大部分： 一、新教传教士在山东传教行医的时代背景。首先介绍了第二次鸦片战争后，在不平等条约的庇护和山东优越的地理环境的吸引下，欧美各国教会派遣大批传教士来到山东“借医布道”。其次论述了基督教医学传教传统的影响及西方医学取得重大进步，认为这些条件为教会在山东开展医药事业提供了强大的支持。 二、分析论证新教传教士在山东行医的原因，认为适应近代山东社会是基督教新教在山东兴办诊所、医院的重要原因。近代山东医疗卫生状况落后，医药是广大山东民众所需要的，行医成了传教士接近民众的便利方式，对打开传教的大门有重要作用；同时，传教士的健康问题也是一些差会兴办医药事业不可忽视的重要原因。 三、概要介绍传教士在山东的医药活动。通过对零乱中外文史料的爬梳整理，认定近代山东新教传教士的医药活动可分两大时期：一、1860-1900年，是为教会医药活动的产生和发展时期。在这一时期，各差会纷纷举办自己的医药事业，但由于受资金、当地民众态度等的制约和影响，大多数规模比较小；二、1901-1937年，是为教会医药活动的大发展时期。在这一时期，随着中国社会的开放和国内差会对教会医药事业的重视，教会医院达到数量上的高峰，产生了一些有影响力的医院。 四、集中重点论述近代山东的西医教育。医学传教士在山东行医过程中看到单靠他们的力量不足以满足山东民众的求医需求，必须创办医学学校，培养山东自己的医生，由是揭开了山东西医教育的序幕。他们先后在山东陆续建立了医学高等院校，培养了一批高级现代医学人才;创办了护士学校，为山东培养了早期的职业护士，同时引导妇女走出家庭走向社会，促进了社会风习的改变。 五、教会医药事业特征分析。重点分析论证了由于各差会自身的力量及对山东的重视程度的差异，导致医疗区域分布、各差会发展及教会医疗活动发展的不均衡性。 六、传教士的医药活动对山东社会的影响。总结探讨了教会医疗事业在传播西方医学和西方文化中的作用。认为教会医疗事业的举办首先将西医文化移植到了山东，使山东人民接触到了近代西医、西药、新式医疗器械、新式医疗技术等;而医学教育和护士教育制度移植山东，则对西医文化的传播起了重要作用。在传播西医的同时，有的医学传教士还研究和使用中医，并向西方介绍中医，为中西医交流发挥了积极作用。当然，依据史实，文章也指出了传教士们的医药活动不可避免地带有宗教传播的烙印，其开展医药活动的目的，则在于传播基督教。关键词:基督教;新教传教士;近代山东;西医科学分类号:B975，R19
After the second opium war, according to de inequality treaty, the Christian of the western come to Shandong one after anther. The Protestant Missionary build the churches and enroll the believer of the religion. In their "charity activities", the emphasis is "medicine missionary enterprise".The modern medicine comes to Shandong by the Missionary. The Missionary build the Mission Hospitals and the dispensaries, also developing medical education. To 1937, more twenty Mission Hospitals are built by the Protestant Missionary in Shandong, they also build some medical schools. In the base of collecting Chinese and English datum, the thesis has a general discussion and evaluation for the activities of the missionary. It tries to give an impersonal evaluation from the whole and to summarize the characteristic of medicine enterprises in the given background of policy and economic. The exchange between Chinese and the Occident have the positive influence on the modern Shandong, it also have an available influence on the "medicine enterprise"The thesis has six parts:The first part: The background that the missionary spread Christianity. First, after the second Opium War, in the shield of the inequality treaty and the attraction of the superiority environment, the Western Church send a great deal of missionary to Shandong. They spread medicine by right of the Church. Second, the traditional medicine missionary and the modern medicine have an influence on the "medicine missionary enterprise" in Shandong.The second part: The thesis analyzes and demonstrates the cause that the Missionary spread medicine. It thinks adapting to the society in modern Shandong is the most case. Because medicine enterprises drop behind in the modern, yet medicine is needed by the crowd .The spreading of medicine makes for the Missionary approaching the crowd. It is important for the Missionary to open the door in Shandong.The third part: Medical activities of the Missionary were introduced. According to datum ,the thesis thinks the medical activities of the Protestant Missionary are divided intotwo periods: The first is the outset and development of "medicine missionary enterprise"in 1860-1900 .But it is impacted by lacking of the fund and the mass attitudes, the development of "medicine missionary enterprisers weak. The second phases is the high development of "medicine missionary enterprise". With the society opening and the crowd recognizing, many Missionary Hospitals are built.The Fourth part: Focus on discussing the western medicine education in Shandong. Medical missionary was cognizant that they did not meet the demand of Shandong people by themselves, and they must set up medical school and train the native doctor. This started the western medicine education in Shandong. They established medical college, and educated a lot of qualified medical personnel. They established nurse school to train the early professional nurses. This led the women go to society from home, and promoted the change of social custom.The fifth part: The characteristic of "enterprise of medicine missionary". This thesis laid special stress on analyzing the disproportion of missionary"s medical work by the difference the strength of themselves and the recognition degree of Shandong.The Sixth part: The influence of "medicine missionary"s enterprise" in Shandong. This thesis sums up the effect of "medicine missionary enterprise" in spreading western medicine and western culture. It transplanted western medicine to Shandong, and make Shandong people come into contact with modern western medicine, new type medical equipment, new medical technology etc. The transplanted of medical education and nurse education had important role on spreading western medicine.While spreading Western medicine, some medical missionary research and use traditional Chinese medicine. They introduce traditional Chinese medicine to the west, and promote the interchange between traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.Of course, according to historical fact, this thesis point out that medical wo